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AP Biology: Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Master the foundational processes of life with these AP Biology flashcards on Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. This deck covers the essential inputs, outputs, locations, and mechanisms of energy transformation in living organisms. Perfect for reviewing key concepts and preparing for your exam.
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What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
In the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
What do the light-dependent reactions produce?
ATP, NADPH and O₂, from light energy and water.
Which wavelengths does chlorophyll absorb best?
Red and blue light; it reflects green.
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
In the stroma of the chloroplast.
What does the Calvin cycle produce?
G3P, used to build glucose and other sugars, while RuBP is regenerated.
What powers ATP synthase in both chloroplasts and mitochondria?
A proton (H⁺) gradient — protons flowing back through ATP synthase drive ATP synthesis (chemiosmosis).
What is the overall equation for aerobic respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP).
Where does glycolysis take place?
In the cytoplasm.
Where do pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle take place in eukaryotes?
In the mitochondrial matrix.
What does glycolysis produce per glucose?
A net 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate.
What is the main output of the Krebs cycle?
Electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂), along with CO₂ and a little ATP.
What do NADH and FADH₂ do?
Carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP synthesis driven by the electron transport chain's proton gradient through ATP synthase.
What is the purpose of fermentation?
To regenerate NAD⁺ without oxygen so glycolysis can keep making ATP.
What are the end products of lactic acid and alcohol fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation makes lactate; alcohol fermentation makes ethanol and CO₂.