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Why stronger stratification is changing ocean tides
Model and satellite M2 trends since 1993 point to stronger ocean stratification increasing tidal conversion, not just sea-level rise.
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Over what period are stratification-forced tide trends diagnosed?
1993 to 2020, when suitable 3-D density data exist.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
How large are typical century-scale coastal tidal amplitude changes?
About 1–3 cm, too large for astronomical forcing changes.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
How much of open-coast M2 trends can relative sea-level rise explain?
Fractions ≲20% at most locations open to the sea.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
What coastal M2 trend magnitude does stronger stratification induce?
On the order of 0.1 mm/yr, matching about half of 10 tide-gauge cases.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
What is the global tidal conversion rate in the runs?
0.70 TW (0.50 TW from M2) versus 3.42 TW total dissipation.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
What main mechanism links stronger stratification to barotropic M2?
Enhanced tidal conversion over steep topography.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
What fraction of satellite regional M2 trends do the runs capture?
Typically about 60%.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
How accurate are deep-ocean M2 solutions?
Mean square error 4.9 cm; worse but usable shallower than 1000 m.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
Are open-ocean M2 trends mainly from sea-level rise?
No—large-scale M2 trends are primarily from stratification changes.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
What German Bight M2 trend is reported for 1993–2020?
About −0.92 mm/yr, not explained by sea-level rise.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified
How are yearly simulations forced?
Each run is strongly relaxed to that year’s mean reanalysis stratification.
Source: A likely role for stratification in long-term changes of the global ocean tides · DOI · quote verified