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Why do we put off going to bed?
People who generally struggle with self-control are more likely to delay going to bed, which directly leads to getting less sleep and feeling more tired during the day.
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How is procrastination formally defined in the literature cited by this study?
Procrastination is defined as a voluntary delay of an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What personality traits are most clearly associated with procrastination as a general trait?
Procrastination has clear associations with low conscientiousness, impulsiveness, and low self-control.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
In what two domains has procrastination research historically been concentrated?
Procrastination has mostly been investigated within academic and work-related domains.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What wellness behaviors did Sirois and colleagues find to be less practiced by procrastinators?
They found that procrastinators engaged in fewer wellness behaviors, such as having a lower intake of fruits and vegetables and performing less physical activity.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI
What confounding variable makes the link between procrastination and health behaviors difficult to interpret?
Trait self-control is a confounding variable because it is associated with both procrastination and health behaviors, meaning putting things off might not be the actual driver.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI
How does going to bed conceptually differ from most other health behaviors, such as eating an apple?
Unlike behaviors that are either performed or omitted, going to bed is a matter of "when" rather than "if," making it highly susceptible to postponement.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
How is bedtime procrastination defined in this paper?
Bedtime procrastination is defined as going to bed later than intended while no external circumstances are accountable for doing so.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What is predicted about the relation between action-state orientation and bedtime procrastination?
A negative relationship is expected, meaning individuals with a higher action orientation are less likely to experience bedtime procrastination.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
Why did the researchers exclude individuals with sleeping disorders or those working night shifts?
To isolate bedtime procrastination as a voluntary self-regulation failure rather than an externally forced or medically induced sleep limitation.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What eligibility criterion was used for Amazon Mechanical Turk workers to ensure high data quality?
The survey was restricted to workers who had successfully completed previous tasks with at least a 98% approval rate.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What is the structure and reliability of the newly developed Bedtime Procrastination Scale?
It is a single-factor, 9-item scale with high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.92).
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What three distinct sleep outcomes were assessed in the questionnaire?
The three sleep outcomes assessed were average hours of sleep, daytime fatigue, and experienced sleep insufficiency.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
How did the researchers construct the composite measure of self-regulation?
They recoded impulsivity so higher scores reflected lower impulsivity, standardized the scores on each of the four individual scales, and calculated the mean of these standardized scores.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What was the correlation between bedtime procrastination and general procrastination, and what does it suggest?
The correlation was r = 0.60, suggesting that bedtime procrastination overlaps with the general trait but remains a distinct construct.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
How did the bedtime procrastination scale compare to the general procrastination scale in predicting sleep outcomes?
Bedtime procrastination had much stronger correlations with sleep outcomes (r = 0.46 to 0.61) compared to general procrastination (r = -0.19 to 0.35).
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What demographics and control variables were entered in Step 1 of the hierarchical regressions?
Step 1 included sex, age, marital status, employment status, and the number of children below the age of five living at home.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI
Did the demographic variables in Step 1 of the regression analysis significantly predict sleep outcomes?
No, Step 1 did not yield any statistically significant models for any of the three sleep outcomes.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What was the effect of adding bedtime procrastination in Step 3 of the hierarchical regression?
Adding bedtime procrastination significantly improved all models, and it largely reduced the predictive effect that general self-regulation had in Step 2.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What was the total explained variance of the final regression models for hours of sleep, fatigue, and insufficient sleep?
The final models explained 27.1% of the variance for hours of sleep, 27.8% for daytime fatigue, and 40.9% for experienced insufficient sleep.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
Why is bedtime procrastination uniquely vulnerable to low self-control compared to other forms of procrastination?
Because the decision to go to bed is made at the end of the day when an individual's mental energy and self-control resources are naturally depleted.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
How does the motivational drive behind bedtime procrastination differ from typical task procrastination?
Traditional procrastination involves avoiding aversive tasks, whereas bedtime procrastination involves the desire to continue engaging in non-aversive, distracting activities.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What is a major limitation of this study's cross-sectional design regarding causality?
It cannot prove causality, meaning fatigue and sleep deprivation itself might actually cause lower self-regulation and higher bedtime procrastination.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
Why do the authors suggest implementation intentions as a highly promising intervention for bedtime procrastination?
Because implementation intentions do not require active cognitive resources or willpower, which are already heavily depleted in the evening.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified
What distinction do the authors intuitively propose between 'active' and 'inactive' bedtime procrastinators?
Active procrastinators delay sleep because they are busy with other activities, whereas inactive procrastinators delay sleep because they are languishing, watching TV, or cannot make the effort to move.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI
What role does chronotype play in bedtime procrastination according to initial data referenced by the authors?
Self-reported eveningness is a significant predictor of more bedtime procrastination, though the independent effect of self-regulation still remains significant.
Source: Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination · DOI · quote verified