How Geriatric Nurses Manage Daily Emotions and Stress

What is cognitive reappraisal in the context of emotion regulation?

It is a cognitively oriented strategy that alters an emotion's impact by changing how a situation is constructed or how an emotional stimulus is evaluated.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What is expressive suppression as an emotion regulation strategy?

It is a response-focused strategy aimed at inhibiting or reducing active behaviors associated with emotional responses, such as facial expressions, gestures, and verbal expressions.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

According to Gross's process-oriented model, when do reappraisal and suppression typically come into play?

Reappraisal is an antecedent-focused strategy used early in an emotional episode, whereas suppression is response-focused and occurs during an ongoing emotional experience.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What do positive reappraisal and negative reappraisal mean respectively in daily life?

Positive reappraisal involves changing one's thoughts to increase positive emotions, while negative reappraisal involves changing one's thoughts to decrease negative emotions.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What do positive suppression and negative suppression refer to?

Positive suppression means inhibiting the expression of positive emotions, whereas negative suppression means inhibiting the expression of negative emotions.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What does prior between-person research say about the frequent use of cognitive reappraisal?

It is linked to beneficial outcomes, such as greater psychological and physical well-being, diminished negative emotions, and improved interpersonal functioning.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What are the common outcomes associated with frequent expressive suppression in between-person studies?

It is associated with higher depressive symptoms, diminished well-being, and lower interpersonal functioning.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How does suppression relate to emotional inertia of negative behavior?

Suppression is associated with higher emotional inertia, meaning there is less emotional variability due to a resistance to change.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How does the seminal model of subjective well-being (SWB) distinguish its core components?

It distinguishes between an affective component (comprising positive and negative affect) and a cognitive component (comprising life and domain satisfaction).

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What were the study's first two hypotheses regarding daily emotion regulation and subjective well-being?

Hypothesis 1 predicted that daily reappraisal is associated with higher subjective well-being, while Hypothesis 2 predicted that daily suppression is associated with lower subjective well-being.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What were the study's third and fourth hypotheses regarding daily emotion regulation and perceived stress?

Hypothesis 3 predicted that daily reappraisal is associated with lower perceived stress, while Hypothesis 4 predicted that daily suppression is associated with higher perceived stress.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

Why is the daily emotional context of geriatric nurses particularly relevant for studying emotion regulation?

Their profession is highly emotionally challenging, requiring affective/mental balance, and operates under strong, salient display rules while managing professional stress.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What were the size and gender composition of the final sample in this daily diary study?

The final sample included 89 geriatric nurses, consisting of 77 females, 6 males, and 6 who did not report gender, reflecting the typical gender imbalance in helping professions.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How was the daily diary data collected from the participants in this study?

Participants used paper-and-pencil diaries at the end of each day for three consecutive weeks, completing an average of 18.2 days of data.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How was the dispositional Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) modified for this study?

Items were reworded slightly to refer to the current day, beginning with: 'Thinking back about today, how would you respond to the following question?'

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How were positive and negative daily reappraisal items operationalized in the adapted questionnaire?

Positive reappraisal was measured by changing thoughts to feel a more positive emotion; negative reappraisal was measured by changing thoughts to feel less negative emotion.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How were positive and negative daily suppression items operationalized in the adapted questionnaire?

Positive suppression was measured by avoiding the expression of positive emotions; negative suppression was measured by avoiding the expression of negative emotions (like sadness, nervousness, or anger).

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

Which three cognitive-evaluative daily items were used to capture daily cognitive well-being?

Items measuring daily view of self, daily view of life in general, and daily optimistic view of the future.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How was perceived stress measured, and why is this method considered acceptable?

It was measured using a single-item 7-point scale, which previous research has validated as having satisfactory validity for job stressors.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

Why was job experience included as a control variable in the analytical models?

Because older, more experienced nurses may have developed better emotion regulation strategies for managing work and leisure challenges, influencing their baseline well-being.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How did researchers statistically separate between-person differences from within-person fluctuations?

They decomposed variables by centering between-person variables around the grand-mean and within-person daily variables around the person-mean.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI

What is the purpose of specifying unconditional models before running the main analysis?

To examine the proportion of within-person versus between-person variance (ICC) to ensure there is enough daily fluctuation to support within-person analyses.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What did the ICC results suggest about the variance of the daily emotion regulation and well-being measures?

More than half of the total variance was at the daily, within-person level, proving that individuals' emotional states fluctuated significantly from day to day.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What were the approximate ICC values for positive affect, negative affect, cognitive well-being, and perceived stress?

Positive affect was 0.46, negative affect was 0.45, cognitive well-being was 0.32, and perceived stress was 0.32.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How did daily positive reappraisal (PR) relate to the three subjective well-being (SWB) indicators?

Daily up-regulation of positive emotions was significantly related to decreased negative affect, increased positive affect, and increased cognitive well-being.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

Did daily reappraisal of negative emotions (NR) significantly relate to any SWB indicator?

No, there was no statistically significant within-person coupling between the daily reappraisal of negative emotions and any subjective well-being indicator.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How did daily positive suppression (PS) relate to subjective well-being?

Daily suppression of positive emotions was related to lower positive affect, lower cognitive well-being, and higher negative affect.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How did daily negative suppression (NS) couple with daily SWB indicators?

Unlike positive suppression, daily suppression of negative emotions did not show a statistically significant relationship with any SWB indicator.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

Which specific emotion regulation strategies were significantly linked to daily perceived stress?

Only the regulation of positive emotions: daily positive reappraisal was linked to lower stress, while daily positive suppression was linked to higher stress.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How did off-days affect well-being and stress levels in geriatric nurses?

Off-days were significantly related to higher daily positive affect, higher cognitive well-being, lower negative affect, and lower perceived stress.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What impact did job experience and nightshift work have on well-being and stress?

Job experience was associated with higher daily positive affect/cognitive well-being and lower stress, whereas nightshift work was associated with higher perceived stress.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI

What explanation is proposed for why regulating negative emotions did not show significant daily associations?

The sample consisted of healthy individuals who likely had minimal daily fluctuations in negative affect, restricting the range of these variables.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

How does the Broaden-and-Build theory explain why positive emotion regulation is highly beneficial?

It suggests that positive emotions expand an individual's thought-action repertoire, building enduring resources that promote behavioral flexibility and well-being.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What is a key limitation of using end-of-day reports to measure daily emotion regulation?

Reports are retrospective and prone to recall biases, such as reflecting only the peak feelings or how the participant felt at the exact moment of reporting.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified

What limitation is associated with using paper-and-pencil diaries in this study?

They do not provide objective time stamps, making it impossible to verify if participants filled out the logs at the correct times daily.

Source: Emotion Regulation, Subjective Well-Being, and Perceived Stress in Daily Life of Geriatric Nurses · DOI · quote verified