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ITO electrodes are active everywhere at 50 nm
Thousands of nanoscale voltammograms show every ITO patch oxidizes ferrocenedimethanol; only 0.2% is fully reversible, and the old sparse-site model fails.
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Is ITO only active at a few sparse sites?
No—the entire electrode is active at about 50 nm resolution.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
What fraction of area is fully reversible?
0.2%, with k0 ≥ 1 cm s−1 and α = 0.5.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
What kinetics describe 85.2% of sites?
Mean k0 = 4.2 × 10−2 cm s−1, α = 0.5.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
What is the slow 14.6% population?
50–500 nm patches with mean k0 = 8 × 10−4 cm s−1, α = 0.68.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
What weighted-average k0 and α result?
k0 = 3.61 × 10−2 cm s−1 and α = 0.53.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
What redox probe and pipette were used?
FcDM0/+ with a 50 nm-diameter SECCM nanopipette.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
What classical model does this reject?
ITO as a few active sites in an otherwise inert matrix (blocked-electrode model).
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
What likely limits macroscale ITO kinetics instead?
Resistances other than interfacial ET, especially lateral conductivity in the film.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
How many nanoscale voltammograms inform the average?
7200 individual measurements in the histogram.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
What scan window was used at each landing?
−0.12 to 0.78 V at 0.5 V s−1 for FcDM0/+.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified
How did prior macro analyses describe ITO activity?
As 0.05–1% active area of 50–200 nm sites—far below C-AFM conductive fractions.
Source: Nanoscale Visualization of Electrochemical Activity at Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes · DOI · quote verified