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Lightning NO fixes upper-air ozone in CMAQ
Adding lightning nitric oxide to CMAQv5.2 raises underestimated mid/upper-tropospheric ozone and nitrate rain, especially when flashes are timed with observations.
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What does adding LNO do to ozone aloft?
It enhances mid- and upper-tropospheric ozone that was often too low without LNO.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
When can LNO worsen surface ozone bias?
Where the Base already overpredicts ozone, adding LNO further increases bias.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
What happens to nitrate wet deposition with LNO?
All schemes enhance accumulated wet NO3− that the Base underestimated except on the Pacific Coast.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
Which scheme uses hourly observed lightning?
hNLDN; it often improved Northeast DM8HR ozone.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
Which scheme is meant for forecasts without flash observations?
pNLDN, based on convective precipitation correlations.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
What CMAQ configuration was used?
v5.2 with CB6 chemistry and AERO6 aerosols.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
What grid and period were simulated?
12 km over CONUS-like domain, April–September 2011.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
What aircraft campaign evaluated vertical NOx and ozone?
DISCOVER-AQ P-3B flights in the Baltimore–Washington region, July 2011.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
Why is LNO becoming more important?
Anthropogenic NOx cuts raise lightning’s relative share of the NOx budget.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
What three steps generate LNO in air-quality models?
Identify flashes, produce column NO, then distribute it vertically.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified
What limits all LNO schemes?
Assumptions plus WRF skill at describing convection.
Source: Simulating lightning NO production in CMAQv5.2: performance evaluations · DOI · quote verified