How do gut-bacteria vesicles enter host cells?

B. thetaiotaomicron outer-membrane vesicles are taken up within minutes via dynamin-dependent endocytosis/macropinocytosis and traffic to Golgi/ER/lysosomes.

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How quickly are Bt OMVs associated/internalized?

Within 15 minutes of exposure to Caco-2 cells.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

Main uptake routes?

Predominantly dynamin-dependent endocytosis or macropinocytosis.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

Where do internalized OMVs traffic?

Golgi and ER as well as nucleus via endo-lysosomal pathway; accumulate in lysosomes.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

What cell types were used for uptake?

Intestinal epithelial cells (e.g., Caco-2).

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

Do OMVs only stay in the gut lumen conceptually?

They can access/cross the epithelial barrier to influence local and systemic responses.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

What sheds OMVs?

Gram-negative bacteria ubiquitously shed bilayer OMVs.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

Are caveolin/clathrin routes used?

Yes, but to a lesser degree than dynamin/macropinocytosis routes.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

Final sorting destination emphasized?

Peri-nuclear localization / lysosomal vesicles for cargo release.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

Microbe studied?

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

Teaching point?

Microbiome vesicles are actively endocytosed and trafficked in host cells.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified

Method highlight?

High-resolution live imaging of OMV uptake.

Source: The Uptake, Trafficking, and Biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Generated Outer Membrane Vesicles · DOI · quote verified